Bahasa Inggris · b_Chapter 2 How the Water Cycle Works

Achmad Doddy

24/08/2021 16:37:14

SMA 12 K-13

Daftar Isi

a_Chapter 1 Can You Tell Me the Story b_Chapter 2 How the Water Cycle Works c_Chapter 3 Let’s Discuss Some Issues d_Chapter 4 Delivering a Speech e_Chapter 5 Lets Have a Debate f_Chapter 6 Its a Great Story g_Chapter 7 The Book Is Amazing h_Chapter 8 Exploring Poems and Song Lyrics i_Chapter 9 A Powerful Character

Halaman

How the Water Cycle

Works

Chapter

In This Chapter

Source

http://nhn.ou.edu

Listening:

•

Responding to blame, accusation and complaints

•

Responding to promises and deterrence

•

Responding to explanation texts

Speaking:

•

Blaming, accusing and complaining

•

Making a promise and deterrence

•

Performing monologues of explanation texts

Reading:

•

Reading explanation texts

•

Reading short functional texts: picture diagrams

Writing:

•

Writing an explanation text

•

Writing short functional texts: picture diagrams

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Listening

In this section, you will learn how to:

•

respond to blame, accusation and complaints;

•

respond to promises and deterrence;

•

respond to explanation texts.

Listen to the dialogue and answer these questions.

1. If you borrow something and your sister breaks it,

should you pay for the repair?

2. Should you apologise for it?

3. Will you get angry with your sister?

4. Your friend blames and accuses you of something

you didn't do. How do you respond?

Answer the questions orally.

1. What's wrong with Adi?

2. What happened to his CD?

3. Does Rifki admit that it is his fault at

rst?

4. Will he pay for it?

5. Does Rifki say sorry for it?

Nadia : What's

, Adi? You look unhappy.

Adi

: I'm not. It's not

. Look at this.

Nadia : What's that?

Adi

: It's my favourite CD. I

it to Rifki and

he broke it.

Nadia : What! What did he do to it?

Adi

: He didn't do anything. His sister's dog

it. It's completely destroyed.

Nadia : So? What's the

? Rifki can buy you a

new CD.

You are going to listen to the same dialogue. Complete

the text while you are listening. Compare your answer

with your friend's.

Activity

How the Water Cycle Works

1. What phrases does Rifki use to deny Nadia and Adi's

accusation?

2. What phrases does Rifki use to admit his fault?

3. What phrases does Adi use to respond Rifki's regret?

4. What phrases does Rifki use to say sorry?

Work in pairs and discuss the answers to these questions

based on the dialogue in Activity 3.

Adi

: That's what I think, but he says it's not his

. He says he won't pay for it.

Nadia : What! He has to pay for it.

Adi

: Well, he won't pay for it. It's not fair.

Nadia : Come on, let's go and talk to him.

Nadia and Adi come to Rifki.

Nadia : Hi, Rifki. Adi has just told me about his CD.

Rifki

: Oh, yes. It's

, isn't it? It's my sister's

fault.

Adi

: It was your

, Rifki.

Rifki

: You have to talk to my sister about it.

Adi

: I lent it to you, Rif, not to your sister.

Nadia : That's right, Rif. You should buy Adi a new CD.

Rifki : Look,

of it, Nadia. It's none of your

business.

Nadia : Yes, it is, Rifki, Adi's my friend.

Rifki

: OK. It's my fault, isn't it? I must

Adi

: It's good you

that. Apology

1. a. I do apologise, Sir.

b. Really?

c. What?

2. a. I don't think so.

b. I promise.

c. You'd better keep your promise.

3. a. I have to admit it.

b. It's good that you admitted that.

c. Apology accepted.

You are going to listen to some short dialogues. Choose

the best responses to the expressions you hear.

Activity

Englishclub.com

Living in an English-

speaking country is a

wonderful opportunity

to practise your English,

especially listening

and speaking. Find out

how to make use of the

opportunity at

www.

englishclub.com.

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

1. What causes rainfall?

2. Where does the water come from?

3. Where does it go?

Answer the questions orally.

Study the picture and listen carefully. Then, tell what

the diagram is about.

Listen to the text once again and decide which word

you hear.

1. these - this

2. circle - cycle

3. lie in - lying

4. like - lake

5. vapour - favour

6. began - begin

7. driver - river

8. where - were

9. rice - rises

10. clouds - could

Source

http://www.arboreturn.fullerton.edu.

Activity

How the Water Cycle Works

1. What causes the evaporation of water from the

world's oceans, lakes, and rivers?

2. What happens to the moisture–laden air as it rises?

3. What forms as the amount of water vapour grows in

the air?

4. How is the water returned to Earth?

5. What are the forms of precipitation?

6. Where does the water

ow back to?

Decide whether each statement is true or false.

You are going to listen to the text once more. Discuss

the answers to these questions.

1. The moon causes the evaporation of water.

2. Evaporated water gathers in the atmosphere.

3. Clouds are formed as the water vapour

becomes a liquid as it becomes cooler.

4. Rain clouds form as the amount

of water vapour decreases.

5. The water is returned to Earth as rain,

hail or snow.

Activity

Match these pictures to the explanations you hear

from the tape.

Activity

Source

http://www.yuw.com.au

Sun

Rain, Hail, Snow

Oceans

Evaporation

Urban Areas

Transpiration

Evaporation

Precipation

Ice

Condensation

Run off

Ground Water

Deep Percolation

Percolation

ltration

Lakes

Surface Run off

Melting

Atmosphere

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Source

The Oxford Children's Pocket Encyclopedia

heat energy radiated

into space

heat trapped

by greenhouse

gases

felling of

trees that

absorb carbon

dioxide

HEAT

ENERGY

FROM SUN

extra carbon dioxide

from burning fossil fuels

energy re

ected

of atmosphere

Source

Science and Technology Encyclopedia,

2006

combussion

photosynthesis

respiration

carboni

cation,

gradual production of

fossil fuels

respiration

death

decay

organisms

decay

organisms

death

pool of CO

in atmosphere

Source

http://www.ucas.edu

Prevailing

winds

smog

Crops

Haze

Sugar Maple trees

at risk

Spring run off

Acid Dust

Ailing Red Spruce

Acid Snow

Acid Rain

Leaching of

nutrients & metals

Ca, K, Mg, Al

Disapperance of snails

frogs and

utilities

How the Water Cycle Works

The water

is the never-ending movement

of the earth's water. Water goes from

to the

air to the land and

the oceans again. For that

reason, its

is called a cycle.

This cycle

when heat from the sun turns

ocean water into

. Water vapour is water that

has become

. The water vapour rises high into

, where it cools off. The cooled water vapour

changes into

of water. The drops are held up in

the sky by rising

. When billions of these drops

of water

together they form

. The

water in the clouds eventually

to earth as

rain. If the water vapour is

enough, it turns

into ice and falls as

. Most rain and snow falls

into the ocean, but some falls on

. In time, this

water also

back to the ocean and the cycle

again.

Taken from

Science and Technology Encylopedia,

2006

1. What is the water cycle?

2. Why is the movement of water called a cycle?

3. When does the cycle begin?

4. What is water vapour?

5. Where does the water vapour cool off?

6. What does the cooled water change into?

7. What holds the drops up in the sky?

8. How is a cloud formed?

9. How does the water in the clouds fall to Earth?

10. Where does most rain and snow fall?

Listen again the complete text in activity 12 carefully.

Then, answer the following questions orally.

Listen to tape and complete the text.

Activity

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Speaking

In this section, you will learn how to:

•

use expressions for blaming, accusing and complaining;

•

use expressions for making a promise and deterrence;

•

perform a monologue of an explanation text.

1. Your teacher gave you an assignment to write an essay

on a particular topic. You were too busy to write the

essay. Then, you copied an article from a magazine.

Your teacher knew you didn't write the essay. What

might he say?

2. How did you respond to your teacher's accusation.

Would you admit that you copied the article?

3. Would you apologise to your teacher?

Would you regret it?

What would you say to express it?

Mr Suherman : Dad... did you write this essay?

Dadi : Yes, Sir.

Mr Suherman : You didn't write it, did you? I think you

copied it from a journal or somewhere

else.

Dadi

: I'm afraid that isn't true.

Mr Suherman :

Really? I've read this article. It's Mr

Hartono's essay, isn't it?

Dadi

: That's right, Sir. I have to admit I

downloaded it from the Internet. I

regret it.

Mr Suherman : It's good that you admitted it.

Dadi

: I do apologise, Sir.

Answer these questions.

Read and practise the following dialogue.

Activity

How the Water Cycle Works

Mr Suherman : Apology accepted but you have to be

punished. You have to write two essays

on a different social phenomena.

Dadi

: Yes, Sir. I honestly regret doing this

shameful thing. I promise I won't do it

next time.

Mr Suherman : You'd better keep your promise, or else

you'll fail on my subject.

Work in pairs. Discuss the answers of these questions.

Complete the dialogue by using expressions in the

box. Then act it out with your friends.

1. Did Dadi write the essay by himself?

2. How does Mr Suherman know that the essay Dadi

submitted is someone else's writing?

3. Does Dadi admit that the essay is not his at

rst?

4. How does Dadi tell his teacher that he is sorry?

5. What does Dadi have to do as a punishment for

cheating?

6. What phrases does Mr Suherman use to accuse Dadi?

7. What phrases does Dadi use to deny and admit it?

8. What phrases does Dadi use to express his regret?

9. What phrases does Dadi use to express his apologise?

10. What phrases does Dadi use to promise that he won't

do such a shameful deed again?

• You'd better keep your promise.

• I admit I forgot to turn out the light.

• I'm afraid that wasn't true, Mom.

• I do apologise, Mom.

• OK, it's my fault.

Activity

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Mom : Anton, was it you that left the light in the

bathroom on?

Anton :

Mom :

Really? There's no one else in this house.

Anton :

All right, Mom.

Mom : It's good that you admitted it. Don't waste

electricity. You play games too much. You

know our electric bill keep rising.

Anton :

Mom : Apology accepted but you ought to clean

the bathroom. You also ought to tidy up

your bedroom. It has become infested with

mosquitos. Allright?

Anton :

. I promise I'll tidy up my bedroom

every day.

Mom :

and be a good boy.

New Horizon

When we learn our

own (native) language,

learning to speak comes

before learning to write.

In fact, we learn to speak

almost automatically.

Taken from

Microsoft Encarta

Premium,

2008

What to Say

Expressions for Blaming and Accusing

•

You are the one to blame.

•

I think you're the only person who could have done it.

•

It's your fault.

•

It's your fault for (doing something).

Expressions for Admitting of Doing Something

•

I admit to (doing something).

•

I admit that I ....

•

I confess to (something).

Expressions for Making a Promise

• I promise/swear that I ....

• I promise you that ....

• I swear (to do something).

Study the following expressions for blaming and accusing,

admitting wrong doing and making a promise.

More Formal

Less Formal

More Formal

Less Formal

More Formal

Less Formal

How the Water Cycle Works

Read the text below.

Source

http

://

www.yuw.com.au

1. What makes water from seas, lakes, rivers and wet

soils evaporate?

2. What is the term for the process?

3. Do plants also release water into the atmosphere?

4. What is the term for the process?

5. Where does the water vapour go?

Look at the picture. Then, answer the questions.

Activity

Sun

Rain, Hail, Snow

Oceans

Evaporation

Urban Areas

Transpiration

Evaporation

Precipation

Ice

Condensation

Ground Water

Deep Percolation

Percolation

ltration

Lakes

Surface Run off

Melting

Atmosphere

Solar energy evaporates exposed

water from seas, lakes, rivers, and wet

soil; the majority of this evaporation

takes place over the seas. Water is

also released into the atmosphere by

the plants through photosynthesis.

During this process, known as

evapotranspiration, water vapour rises

into the atmosphere.

Clouds form when air becomes

saturated with water vapour. The two

major types of cloud formation are

strati

ed or layered grey clouds called

stratus and billowing white or dark grey

cloud called cumulus.Nimbostratus

clouds and cumulonimbus clouds are

the two cloud types that are associated

with rainy weather; nimbostratus

clouds will bring steady rain, and

cumulonimbus clouds will bring

stromy weather.

Precipitation as rain, or hail ensures

that water return to Earth's surface in a

fresh form. Some of this rain, however,

falls into the seas and is not accessible to

human. When rain falls, it either washes

down hill slopes or seeps underground;

when snow and hail melt, this water

may also sink into the ground.

How the Water Cycle Works

Taken from

Geographica's World Pocket Reference

, 2001

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

1. Why does the majority of evaporation take place over

the sea?

2. How do clouds form?

3. How many major types of cloud formation are

there?

4. What type of clouds are associated with rainy weather?

5. Which cloud will bring continuous rain?

6. What makes certain that water returns to Earth's

surface in a fresh form?

Work in groups of four. Discuss the answers of these

questions.

1. falls /

fɔ:lz

2. washes /

wɒƒız

3. slopes /

sləʊdz

4. clouds /

klaəʊdz

5. supplies /

səˈplaɪz

6. glaciers /

ˈglæsjəz

7. evaporates /

ıˈvæpəreɪts

8. becomes /

bɪˈkʌmz

9. ensures /

mˈʃʊəz

10. replenishes /

rɪˈplenɪʃɪz

Study the following words and their phonetic symbols.

Then pronounce the words.

The -s ending is pronounced differently, depending

on the end of the word.

• /

z/ after -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z endings, examples:

teaches, boxes, buses

• /s/ after voiceless (-p, -t, -k, -f etc.) endings,

examples: drinks, speaks, hits

• /z/ after voiced consonant (-d, -g, -r, etc.)

endings, examples:

oats, brings, fathers

Pronunciation

Practice

Activity

How the Water Cycle Works

1. clouds 6. photographs

2. rivers 7. breaks

3. brushes 8. drags

4. jumps 9. watches

xes 10. boots

Categorise the following words according to the sound

of the

-s

ending and then pronounce them.

Look at and study the diagrams and answer these

questions.

1. What does the diagram describe?

2. Refer to the diagram then classify these statements

according to wether they occur in a typical year or

an El Niño year:

• Warmer surface water in eastern and central

Paci

c Ocean

• Low annual rainfall over northern and eastern

Australia

• Weaker than normal trade winds

Plentiful winter-spring

rain fall in Australia.

Deep Antartic current carry

cold-water

sh important to

Peruvian industries

Weather Event in a Typical Year

Warmest surface water

in Australia and western

Paci

c Ocean

Surface water pushed

westward by strong

trade winds.

Weather Event in an El Niño Year

Warmer surface water

in eastern and central

Paci

c Ocean

Annual rainfall that

would normally in fall

Australia falls in the

Paci

c Ocean.

Deep sea current from

the Antartic fails to

reach the surface.

Trade winds do not blow as

strongly

Northern and eastern

Australia experience

reduced annual rainfall

Bursts westerly wind.

Southern oscillation

pressure readings

are negative in the

extreme

Weaker trade winds

permit movement of

water eastward.

Source

Geographica’s Pocket World Reference,

2005

New Horizon

The converse of the

El Niño effect is the

La Niña effect, which

is an exaggeration of

normal conditions. This

takes place when trade

winds blow strongly

and consistently across

the Paci

c towards

Australia. This pushes

the warm waters from

the central Paci

c, off

the northern Australian

coast, to build up into a

mass that is bigger than

normal.

Taken from

Microsoft Encarta

Premium, 2008

Activity

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Look at the picture. Then, answer the questions orally.

Reading

In this section, you will learn how to:

•

read explanation texts;

•

read short functional texts: picture diagrams.

1. Do you think that the environment is changing?

2. How is it changing?

3. How is it different from the environment of 50 years

ago?

4. Have you ever read an article about acid rain?

5. What was the title?

Find the meanings of the following words. Consult

your dictionary. They are taken from the text you are

going to read in Activity 3.

1. acidic 7. precipitate

2. slightly 8. catalyst

3. severely 9. airborne

4. chimney 10. acidi

cation

5. emit 11. exhaust

6. droplet 12. toxic

Source

http

://

www.ucas.edu

New Horizon

The converse of the

El Niño effect is the

La Niña effect, which

is an exaggeration of

normal conditions. This

takes place when trade

winds blow strongly

and consistently across

the Paci

c towards

Australia. This pushes

the warm waters from

the central Paci

c, off

the northern Australian

coast, to build up into a

mass that is bigger than

normal.

Taken from

Microsoft Encarta

Premium, 2008

Activity

How the Water Cycle Works

Read the following text aloud. Pay attention to your

pronunciation and punctuation.

Acid Rain

Acid rain is rain that is highly acidic because of

sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and other air pollutants

dissolved in it. Normal rain is slightly acidic, with a pH

of 6. Acid rain may have a pH value as low as 2.8.

Acid rain can severely damage both plant and animal

life. Certain lakes, for example, have lost all

sh and plant

life because of acid rain.

Acid rain comes from sulphur in coal and oil. When

they burn, they make sulphur dioxide (SO

). Most

sulphur leaves factory chimneys as the gaseous sulphur

dioxide (SO

) and most nitrogen is emitted as nitrogen

oxides (NO or NO

), both of which are gases. The gases

may be dry deposited–absorbed directly by the land,

by lakes or by the surface vegetation. If they are in the

atmosphere for any time, the gases will oxidise (gain an

oxygen atom) and go into solution as acids. Sulphuric

acid (H

) and the nitrogen oxides will become nitric

acid (HNO

). The acids usually dissolve in cloud droplets

and may travel great distances before being precipitated

as acid rain. Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone

and ammonium help promote the formation of acids in

clouds. More ammonium (NH

) can be formed when

some of the acids are partially neutralised by airborne

ammonia (NH

). Acidification increases with the

number of active hydrogen (H+) ions dissolved in acid.

Hydrocarbons emitted by for example, car exhausts will

react in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone.

Although it is invaluable in the atmosphere, low level

ozone causes respiratory problems and also hastens the

formation of acid rain.

When acid rain falls on the ground it dissolves and

liberates heavy metals and aluminium (Al). When it is

washed into lakes, aluminium irritates the outer surfaces

of many

sh. As acid rain falls or drains into the lake

the pH of the lake falls. Forests suffer the effect of acid

rain through damage to leaves, through the loss of vital

nutrients, and through the increased amounts of toxic

metals liberated by acid, which damage roots and soil

micro organisms.

Taken from

Science and Technology Encyclopedia

, 2006

General

Statement

Explanation

Activity

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

1. What is acid rain?

2. What is the pH of normal rain?

3. How is sulphur dioxide formed?

4. What will happen to sulphur dioxide and nitrogen

dioxide if they enter the atmosphere?

5. What substances react to form nitric acid?

6. What helps to promote the formation of acids in

clouds?

7. What in

uences the increase in acidi

cation?

8. How is ozone produced?

9. Does low level ozone harm respiratory organs?

10. How does acid rain affect forests?

Work in pairs. Discuss the answers to these questions.

Te x t s

Structure of Explanatory Texts

Acid rain is rain that is highly acidic because of

sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and other air

pollutants dissolved in it. Normal rain is slightly

acidic, with a pH of 6. Acid rain may have a pH

value as low as 2.8. (Paragraph 1)

Acid rain comes from sulphur in coal and oil.

When they burn, they make sulphur dioxide

(SO

). If they enter the atmosphere, the gases

will oxidise (gain an oxygen atom) and go into

solution as acids. (Paragraph 3)

When acid rain falls on the ground it dissolves

and liberates heavy metals and aluminium (Al).

When it is washed into lakes, aluminium irritates

the outer surfaces of many

sh. (Paragraph 4)

General Statement

provides

a general statement to

position the reader. It focuses

on generic, non human

participants.

Explanation

gives a sequence

explaining of why or how

something occurs. It is

comprised mainly material and

relational process, temporal,

causal circumstances and

conjunctions.

Read and study the following structure of an explanatory

text.

Activity

How the Water Cycle Works

Where Does Rain Come from?

Rain always comes from clouds.

But where do clouds come from? How

does all that water get into the sky?

Think about your bathroom. There

is hot water in your bath. Steam goes up

from the hot water. The steam makes

small clouds in the bathroom. These

warm clouds meet the cold walls and

windows, and then we see small drops

of water on the walls and windows.

The world is like your bathroom.

The water in the oceans warms when the

sun shines on it. Some of this water goes

up into the sky and makes clouds. The

wind carries the clouds for hundreds of

kilometres. Then the clouds meet cold

air in the sky, and we see drops of water.

The drops of water are rain.

The rain falls and runs into rivers.

Rivers run into oceans. And the water

from oceans makes clouds and more

rain. So water is always moving from

oceans to clouds to rain to rivers to

oceans. So the rain on your head was on

other heads before! The water in your

garden was in other gardens in other

countries.

Adapted

from

Junior Comprehension

1, 2004

Read the text below.

Source

http://www.arboreturn.fullerton.edu/

Activity

Decide whether each of the statements is true or

false based on the text in Activity 6.

1. Rain doesn't always come from clouds.

2. Steam rises from the hot water.

3. The water in the oceans warms when

the sun shines on it.

4. Some of the water goes down into the

sky and makes clouds.

5. The rain falls and runs into rivers.

Rivers run into oceans.

Activity

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Explain how the water cycle works. First, copy this

chart and then

ll in with events happening in the

water cycle.

Look at the picture and study the explanation. Then

nd any related information. Present it to the class.

Acid Rain

Acid is rain, snow, sleet, or hail that

contains acids. Acid rain harms lakes

and rivers and kills

sh and other water

life. Scientists believe it damages forests,

soil, statues, bridges and buildings too.

Source

en.wikipedia.org

Activity

Air contains water vapour, tiny

drops of water. But when chemicals

from automobiles ....

How the Water Cycle Works

Writing

In this section, you will learn how to:

•

write an explanation text;

•

write short functional texts: picture diagrams.

Read the text. Study the structure of the text. Then,

write down the main ideas of each paragraph.

Activity

What Is El Niño?

El Niño is a warm water current

which moves off the west coast of Chile

and Peru. The current is believed to

be closely associated with irregular

variations in the global weather system

and it occurs approximately every 7–11

years. The wider consequences of El

Niño can be catastrophic. The current

is associated with short–term changes

in worldwide climate patterns, and

may cause drought in place such as

Australia and violent tropical cyclones

in the Paci

c Ocean. Some scientists fear

that global warming may be making El

Niño occur more frequently.

How Does El Niño Occur?

The combined in

uence of land,

sea and air on weather conditions can

create a global climate rhythm. In the

Paci

c Ocean, for example (A), trade

winds normally blow from east to

west (1) along the Equator, “dragging”

sun–warmed surface waters into a pool

of North Australia and there by the

thermocline–the boundary between

warm surface waters and the cooler

layers beneath (2). High cumulus

clouds form above these warm waters,

bringing rain in the summer wet

season (3). Cooler, nutrient-rich waters

rise to surface off Southern America

(4), supporting extensive shoals of

anchovies on which a vast fishing

industry has developed. The weather

over this cold water region is dry.

Every 3–5 years a change occurs

in the ocean-atmosphere interaction.

The climatic pattern is reserved (B)–an

event known as El Niño. The trade

winds ease, or even reverse direction

(5), during El Niño and the warm

surface waters which have “pilled up”

in the West Paci

ow back to warm

the waters off South America by 2–3°C

(6). This depresses the east thermocline

(7) and dramatically affects the climate.

In an El Niño year, drought and bush

res occur over Australia, while

ood

affect Bolivia and Peru. The warm

waters off South America suppress

upwelling of the cold nutrient rich

waters, bringing disaster to the

shing

industry.

El Niño Phenomena

Taken from

Philip's Science and Technology Encyclopedia

, 2006

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Work in pairs. Discuss the text you have just read.

Then rewrite it in your own words.

The Structure of the Text

• General Statement

What is El Niño?

• Explanation

How does El Niño occur?

Read and study the following sentences and their

explanations.

a. Most nitrogen

is emitted

as nitrogen oxides (NO or

), which are gases.

b. The gases

may be dry deposited–absorbed

directly by the

land, by lakes or by the surface vegetation.

c. More ammonium (NH

)

can be formed

when some

of the acids are partially neutralised by airborne

ammonia (NH

)

d. Every two to seven years, however, this pattern

interrupted

by the El Niño event.

When we say what happens to people and things–

what is done to them–we often use passive verb forms

is emitted, may be dry deposited, can be formed and is

interrupted

Passive Voice

In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase

beginning with

if we want to mention the agent–the

person or thing that does the action, or that causes

what happens.

• Water

is also released

into the atmosphere

plants

through photosynthesis.

Grammar

Review

Activity

How the Water Cycle Works

Passive Verb Form

We normally make passive forms of a verb by using

tenses of the auxiliary be followed by the past participle

(=pp) of the verb. Here is a list of all the passive forms

of an ordinary English verb, with their names.

Tenses

simple present

present continuous

simple past

past continuous

present prefect

past perfect

will future

future perfect

going to future

Structures

am/are/is + pp

am/are/is being + pp

was/were+ pp

was/were being + pp

have/has/been+ pp

had been + pp

will be + pp

will have been + pp

am/are/is going to be + pp

Modal auxiliaries (

will, can, should, ought to, must, have

to, may, and might

) are often used in the passive.

Form: modal + be + past participle

Use active or passive in any appropriate tenses, for the

verbs in parentheses.

1. The Amazon valley is extremely important to the

ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the world's

oxygen (

produce

)

there.

2. The game (

win

)

by the other team

tomorrow. They're a lot better than we are.

3. In my country, certain prices (

control

)

the government, such as the prices of medical supplies.

However, other prices (

determine

)

how much people are willing to pay for a product.

Activity

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Read the following text. Find the passive sentences

or clauses in it. Write them on your workbook.

What Causes Air to Rise?

There are four ways in which air can be forced to rise, thus

causing the water droplets to condense. We will look at

each of these in turn.

1. The air is heated from the ground.

This tends to occur mainly in the tropics, where the

air in contact with the ground is warmer than the

air above. So it will rise. As a result, sometimes huge

thunder–clouds (called cumulonimbus clouds) form

and the associated rainfall can be very heavy. This

type of rainfall is called convection rain.

2. The air is forced to cross a mountain barrier.

As an air mass crosses a mountain barrier, it is forced

to rise. If the mountains are suf

ciently high and the

air mass contains enough moisture, clouds will form

and rain will fall on the windward side (the side

closest to where the air mass is coming form). This

rainfall is known as orographic rain, meaning “caused

by the shape of the land”. The air mass, now drier and

warmer, will continue to

ow down the other side of

the mountains (the leeward side).

3. Air rises as it enters an area of low pressure.

As air rises, other air must replace it which, in turn,

also rises. This is a complex process. As the air rises,

it moves in a spiral, but if enough air enters an area of

ow pressure, clouds will form and rain may fall.

4. Yesterday the wind (

blow

)

my hat off

my head. I had to chase it down the street. I (

want,

not

)

to lose it because it's my favourite

hat and it (

cost

)

a lot.

5. The government used to support the school. Today

it (

support

)

by private funds as well as

by the tuition the students pay.

UN Shot

Rudi : Why are you so

late today?

Tino : Sorry, Rudi. My

car ...

Rudi : So you came

here on foot.

Tino : Yes, I did.

a. is repairing

has just repaired

will be repairing

is being repaired

will have been

repaired

(UN 2002/2003)

Activity

How the Water Cycle Works

Work in pairs. Look at the pictures. Write an explanation

text based on the diagrams.

New Horizon

Acid rain is rain,

snow, sleet, or hail that

contains acids. Acid rain

harms lakes and rivers

and kills

sh and other

water life. Scientists

believe it damages

forests, soil, statues,

bridges and buildings

too..

Taken from

Microsoft Encarta

Premium,

2008

Activity

Source

http

://

www.ecgc.ca

mountains

ocean

snow

sun

clouds

rain

vapour

evaporation

vapour

evaporation

water falls

cascade

Source

http

://

www.diagwatercycle.com

Snow

Lakes

Ocean

Surface Runoff

Salt Water

Intrusion

Precipitation

Cloud Formation

Evaporation

Ocean contributes

about 80% of total

water vapour in air

Condensing Water Vapour

Impervious Layer

Developing English Competencies

for Grade XII of Language Programme

Language Functions

a. Blaming and accusing

• You broke her cassette, It's your fault.

b. Admitting and denying wrong doing

• I admit that I forgot to turn off the computer.

Making a promise

• I promise I'll not come late anymore.

Genre

Explanation

Social function: to explain the processes involved in the formation or workings of

natural or sociocultural phenomena.

Generic structure:

•

General Statement : provides a general statement to position the reader.

•

Explanations

: tells a sequenced explanation of why or how something

occurs.

Chapter Summary

After learning the lesson in this chapter, you are expected to be able to:

1. respond to expressions for blaming and accusing;

2. respond to expressions for promising;

3. respond to explanation texts;

4. perform a monologue of an explanation text;

5. read and write explanation texts;

6. identify pictures and diagrams.

Now, answer the questions

1. What expressions do you use for blaming and accusing?

2. What do you say if you want to make a promise?

3. What is the purpose of explanation text? Find an explanation text and identify its

structure.

If you

nd some dif

culties, consult your teacher or discuss with your friend.

Learning Re

ection